肌肉氧饱和度（SmO₂）：连接外周肌肉代谢与中枢神经生物学适应的上游代谢环节

Physical activity (PA) and neuropsychology have been associated, although the peripheral mechanisms that connect skeletal muscle activity to central nervous system remain unclear. Various muscle derived signaling molecules, including myokines and metabolites, are released due to PA. Lactate is one of the signaling molecules released via muscle during PA and it may serve as an intermediatory metabolite which links peripheral muscle metabolism to central neurobiological adaptations. Along with it, PA also induces alterations in muscle oxygen saturation (SmO 2 ), reflecting changes in local metabolic stress and mitochondrial demand. SmO 2 plays a vital role in exercise physiology but still how it impacts neuropsychology has not received attention. Reductions in muscle oxygenation due to PA has been associated with elevated lactate production, while lactate itself acts as an energy substrate, signaling molecules, and epigenetic modulators within the brain, promoting BDNF expression and neuroplastic processes. In this review, we propose that SmO 2 can act as an upstream physiological signal within a SmO 2 -lactate-brain axis, translating peripheral metabolic stress into positive neuropsychological outcomes. Establishment of SmO 2 as a non-invasive biomarker of neuropsychology could act as a novel model to understand the interactions between PA and brain. This can help to optimize interventions based on PA aiming to enhance cognition, emotional resilience and neurological health.

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